INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY

VOL. 21, NO. 1, JANUARY 2026
A PUBLICATION OF THE
INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY (IAMOT)
Reno, NV 89511, U.S.A.
JANUARY 2026 VOLUME 21 NUMBER 1 IJMOT ISSN: 1553-0396
Banmali S Rawat

Editor-In-Chief

MESSAGE FROM EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
MICROWAVE RELATED PAPERS
Manuscript Title:Dual-Annular Shaped Multiband Antenna Sensor for Human Muscle Mass Measurement
Manuscript Id:IJMOT-2025-11-353095
Abstract:
A compact dual-annular shaped Multiband patch antenna is intended on a flexible substrate for Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) applications. The antenna is comprised of a ring shaped slotted patch. The performance is enhanced by adding a square slot on the ground plane with a rotated T-shaped slot. The antenna is designed and fabricated on a polyimide substrate with a size of 25*25*0.25 mm3. The proposed antenna outcomes portray measured reflection coefficients of -27.58, - 45.01 and -12dB at in the frequency of 3.3, 5.4 and 6.4 GHz respectively. The Multiband antenna sensor operates with a VSWR of <1.5 , gain = 4 dBi, SAR of 0.15 W/kg and an impedance bandwidth of 100% making it very suitable for non-invasive human muscle mass measurements.
Authors:Sesha Vidhya S, Shanthi KG, Rukmani Devi S, Blesslin SheebaT
Submitted On:05-11-2025
Pages:1-7
Action: [Full Paper] No. of Downloads: 129
Manuscript Title:Design and Implementation of a Filtered Low Noise Amplifier for Wi-Fi Applications
Manuscript Id:IJMOT-2025-11-353097
Abstract:

Modern Wi-Fi receivers require strict design specifications including low noise figure, high selectivity, high power gain, low input reflected power, high linearity, and good stability. This article is devoted to present a design approach for a low noise amplifier integrated with a band pass filter to operate in the Wi-Fi frequency band from 2.25 GHz to 2.65 GHz. The low noise amplifier has been designed to satisfy both low noise figure and reduced input return loss using a commercial low cost SiGe hetero-junction bipolar transistor (HBT). On the other hand, the band pass filter is synthesized using three directly-coupled microstrip resonators. The cascaded circuit has been fabricated on Rogers RO4350B substrate and tested experimentally. The measured results show that the power gain of the circuit is about 10.5 dB at the center frequency (2.45 GHz), input return loss is less than -14 dB, and output return loss is less than -12 dB within the desired Wi-Fi band. It has been confirmed that the circuit gives both low noise figure and reduced input reflection coefficient with good stability at the desired band using new structure of a high selectivity bandpass filter to remove the out of band noise. 

Authors:Suhad Hussein Jasim
Submitted On:07-11-2025
Pages:8-20
Action: [Full Paper] No. of Downloads: 80
Manuscript Title:Modeling and Experimental Study of Loudspeaker Directivity Patterns in the Far and Near Fields
Manuscript Id:IJMOT-2025-11-353098
Abstract:
The current paper reviews theoretically and examines experimentally the polar plot of a loudspeaker in the far and near field. An original equation for sound pressure calculation in the near and far field is proposed. An experiment is conducted to confirm the theoretical data and the accuracy of the proposed expression. Several conclusions are drawn from the analysis of the study. Sound emission from a linear array of loudspeakers, whose excitation factors are set in accordance with the Bessel functions, creates a sound pressure distribution in the plane of the loudspeaker axes that corresponds to the radiation pattern of a single loudspeaker. Experimental data confirms that the Bessel array's directivity pattern broadens compared to a linear array of loudspeakers with a constant excitation factor, and approaches that of a single loudspeaker. Considering the analyzed patterns in selecting the number of loudspeakers is recommended when designing I. INTRODUCTION The widespread use of loudspeakers in commercial and defense applications means that engineers with only a passing familiarity with their operating principles are often entrusted with these designs. The term “loudspeaker”, like the design itself, is far from new; their theoretical foundations have been developed over several decades, but most existing publications are primarily aimed at specialists well versed in mathematical analysis and electromagnetic fields. As loudspeakers are increasingly used in mixed signal systems, many designers would appreciate a Bessel arrays to create an omnidirectional sound pressure distribution with an overall increase in sound pressure level. The novelty and originality of this work lies in its ability to more accurately determine the fundamental resonance frequency of a loudspeaker's moving system, establish the optimal amplifier output stage load and crossover filter element data, and also improve the frequency range, rated power, and sensitivity.
Authors:Islam J. Islamov, Kalin S. Kalinov, Iliyan Y. Iliev, Ramil G. Akhundov, Vagif A. Gasimov, Boyan K. Mednikarov, Miroslav Y. Tsvetkov
Submitted On:09-11-2025
Pages:21-28
Action: [Full Paper] No. of Downloads: 68
Manuscript Title:Novel Materials with High Flexibility and Performance for Microstrip Antenna Substrates
Manuscript Id:IJMOT-2025-11-353099
Abstract:
Recently, there has been an increasing demand for the manufacture of microstrip antennas (MSAs) operating at high frequencies. The main factors affecting the design of these antennas include their dielectric constant, thickness, and shape. In this manuscript, we propose three novel materials with high flexibility for fabricating MSAs: pure PTFE (P-PTFE) (?=2.1 and d=0.0002), PTFE alternative to Rogers 5880 (PTFE-ATR5880) (?=2.2 and d=0.0009), and PTFE-coated fiberglass (PTFE CF) (?=2.6 and d=0.0025). In addition, the performance of the proposed antenna was compared with these materials, and the conventional FR4 material has a ? of 4.3 and a d of 0.025. In comparison, the new antenna substrate materials outperformed conventional FR4 in multiple aspects. The antenna achieved a high gain of 11.58216 dBi at P-PTFE, 11.23084 dBi at PTFE ATR5880, and 9.980583 dBi at PTFE-CF. Meanwhile, the antenna achieved a low gain of 5.649134 dBi at FR4. Moreover, the proposed antenna demonstrated high efficiency with the new materials while achieving very low efficiency with FR4. For example, the proposed antenna achieved efficiencies of 91.33% with P-PTFE, 88.97% with PTFE-ATR5880, and 87% with PTFE-CF, compared to FR4, which achieved the highest efficiency of 73.12%. In conclusion, the novel materials are suitable for fabricating antennas that operate at both high and low frequencies, which is essential for keeping pace with future advanced communication systems. Furthermore, FR4 is a solid material suitable for frequencies below 10 GHz because of its high loss tangent.  
Authors:Karrar Shakir Muttair, Oras Ahmed Shareef, Hazeem Baqir Taher
Submitted On:09-11-2025
Pages:29-38
Action: [Full Paper] No. of Downloads: 90
Manuscript Title:A Novel Approach to Design Compact Size Dual Band Antenna Using Parametric Study of Grounded Slit
Manuscript Id:IJMOT-2025-11-353104
Abstract:

In this paper a novel and flexible technique to design a dual band antenna for desired frequency bands is proposed. The two bands are achieved using a single straight slit present in ground plane, inclined at 450 with respect to axis of the radiating patch. An extensive parametric analysis is carried out at 5.8 GHz to study the effect of inclined slit on the performance of radiating patch for a range of dielectric substrates with dielectric constant ranging from 2.2 to 6.5 for thickness of 1 mm, 1.6 mm and 2 mm. The verification of this novel technique is attained through the design of a dual band antenna to cover 1.8 GHz and 2.4 GHz bands. The simulated results are in close agreement with the measured results. The paper also covers criteria to select dielectric material and its thickness for a desired frequency ratio of the two bands. The proposed technique successfully achieves a size reduction of the radiating patch by 57.48%. The primary merit of the proposed methodology is that it allows easy replication across diverse wireless applications. 

Authors:Shailendra P. Shastri, Archana Deshpande, Purnima Chadrasekar, Deepak Shete, Sangeeta Mishra, Sonia Behra
Submitted On:20-11-2025
Pages:39-48
Action: [Full Paper] No. of Downloads: 78
Manuscript Title:Gap-coupled Design Of U-slot Cut Square Microstrip Antenna For Wideband Circular Polarized Response In GSM Application
Manuscript Id:IJMOT-2025-12-353119
Abstract:
The resonant slot cut circularly polarized microstrip antenna is a single patch low cost solution, as they are optimized using either air or air suspended substrate. But these single patch designs offer only 3 – 6% of axial ratio bandwidth, thereby not addressing the requirements of adjoining frequencies wireless applications. In this paper, wideband and high gain circular polarized gap coupled design of unequal length U-slot cut square microstrip antenna is presented in 900 MHz frequency band. The circular polarized response is attributed to the excitation of diagonal orthogonal resonant modes on the U-slot cut square patch. With a mutual coupling between the orthogonal resonant modes on fed and parasitic gap-coupled square patches, wideband circular polarized response is achieved. On a substrate thickness of 0.066?cAR, gap-coupled design with the slot cut patches along the two co-ordinate axes yields axial ratio bandwidth of 157 MHz (16.64%) that occupies inside the reflection coefficient bandwidth of 242 MHz (25.05%). The antenna offers broadside radiation pattern with a peak gain close to 10 dBic. With these antenna characteristics, proposed design can cater to multiple frequencies adjoining wireless applications. The design methodology for wideband design is presented, which is useful in realizing similar application as per specific wireless application. An experimental verification for the obtained antenna results have been carried out that shows close agreement against the simulation.  
Authors:Amit A. Deshmukh, Aneya Soneji, Ayush Jain, Dhyey Pau
Submitted On:08-12-2025
Pages:49-57
Action: [Full Paper] No. of Downloads: 75
Manuscript Title:Multi-Band with Ultra Wide-Band Square Circular and Cross Shaped Resonators based Metamaterial Absorber for Stealth and 5G Applications
Manuscript Id:IJMOT-2025-12-353120
Abstract:
 The research paper presents an ultra wide band square, circular and cross shaped resonators based metamaterial absorber termed as UWBSCCRMA. The design is novel in terms of it’s simple and symmetric structure with continuous circular ring resonators in each quadrant separated by a cross shaped patch embedded in a square shaped resonator without the complexity of parasitic elements or multi-layered structure with -3dB ultra wide-band response of 3.4 GHz to the incident electromagnetic waves that ranges from 26.96 GHz to 30.36 GHz with absorptance peaks at 27.56 GHz, 28.52 GHz and 29.56 GHz. The reported UWBSCCRMA design is three layered structure. The 0.035 mm copper metal top layer with circular, cross and square shaped resonating patches generates five bands with reflection coefficients of -15.53 dB (6.4 GHz), -20.89 dB (14.36 GHz), -15.1 dB (27.56 GHz), -11.1 dB (28.52 GHz) and -10.4 (29.56 GHz) that extents in C-, Ku- and Ka-bands. The middle layer is 0.8 mm thick FR4 substrate to trap the EM waves and the 0.035 mm thick ground plane of copper to prevent transmission of EM waves. The overall dimensions of UWBSCCRMA unit cell is 9 mm x 9 mm x 0.8 mm. The proposed metamaterial absorber design is simulated by CST microwave suite, fabricated using wet etching process and tested in an anechoic chamber with vector network analyzer and horn antennas. The metamaterial behavior is studied in terms of normalized matched impedance and effective permeability. The absorption response of the UWBSCCRMA structure is studied in terms of surface current and H-field distributions and finds applications in stealth technology and 5G wireless communications.
Authors:Bhagwant Singh, Alkesh Agrawal, Supriya, Alka Yadav
Submitted On:09-12-2025
Pages:58-66
Action: [Full Paper] No. of Downloads: 71
Manuscript Title:Design RF Energy Harvesting System Based on SIW Antenna for Energizing Low Power Devices
Manuscript Id:IJMOT-2025-12-353121
Abstract:
In recent years, the field of energy harvesting has seen substantial advancement, driven by the growing demand for portable electronic devices and wireless sensor networks. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of wireless power transfer technology based on ambient radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting. The proposed system captures energy from surrounding electromagnetic waves and is composed of four key components: a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) antenna, a tapered impedance matching network, a three-stage Dickson voltage multiplier, and a supercapacitor for energy storage. The voltage doubler circuit was designed and simulated using the Agilent ADS software environment. Both simulation and experimental measurements were conducted across a wide input power range from -40 dBm to 40 dBm within designated frequency bands. This new system is different from systems that use radio frequency energy. The new system uses a kind of antenna that can work with a very wide range of frequencies. Matching circuit and rectifier are introduced in the paper. This helps the system work well with different frequencies and turn radio frequency energy into direct current energy very efficiently. Experimentally, we found that it worked with frequencies from 3.2 GHz to 16.2 GHz. It also had gain and was able to produce a direct current voltage of 2.819 V. This voltage is high enough to power different types of portable sensors such as a temperature sensor that does not use power. These results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed system for compact and efficient ambient RF energy harvesting applications. 
Authors:Aya Hossam, Ahmed Fawzy
Submitted On:15-12-2025
Pages:67-76
Action: [Full Paper] No. of Downloads: 60
Manuscript Title:Analytical Modelling of RF MEMS Series Switch for Low Pull-in Voltage and Better RF Performances
Manuscript Id:IJMOT-2025-12-353122
Abstract:
The modern wireless systems demand compact low-power high-frequency components which led to the development of RF MEMS (Radio Frequency Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) switches as promising semiconductor switch alternatives. RF MEMS switches provide four main benefits through their low power usage and high isolation capabilities and their minimal insertion and return loss characteristics along with wide frequency adaptability. The research details the design of a gold-based RF MEMS series cantilever switch which incorporates a serpentine-type meander structure to achieve reduced stiffness and lower pull-in voltage. The pull-in voltage analysis involves experimental tests on beams with different dimensions and material properties and perforation geometries including circular and rectangular shapes with changing sizes. A complete capacitance ratio investigation occurs through modifications of the beam-to-signal line gap and dielectric material selection and dielectric thickness adjustments.  The performance analysis of the RF MEMS switch is carried out as COMSOL Multiphysics for electromechanical behavior simulation, HFSS for RF performance evaluation The optimized design produces a pull-in voltage of 3.1V together with a capacitance ratio of 69.7, reaches a stress of 4.89 MPa and a fast switching time of approximately 4.4 µs, making it suitable for low-power, fast-responding RF applications. The device exhibits superior RF performance through its 0.21 dB insertion loss and -21 dB return loss which enables its use in modern wireless communication systems.
Authors:G. Shanthi, Sk.Shoukath Vali, Aytha Ramesh Kumar, Pranitha Musunuru, M.Ajay, Zillellamudi Hemant
Submitted On:22-12-2025
Pages:77-85
Action: [Full Paper] No. of Downloads: 64
Manuscript Title:Compact Wideband Fractal Antenna for High Speed Wi-Fi Applications
Manuscript Id:IJMOT-2025-12-363124
Abstract:

A novel fractal antenna is designed by using fractal geometrical structures. It is constructed with the principles of both Koch snowflake and Minkowski curve algorithms with asymmetric coplanar strip –fed antenna. The upper portion of the rectangular is made of Koch Sowflake and its lower portion is Minkowski structure. Both structures combined together in one patch to improve the bandwidth of the antenna. This novel antenna adapted four iterations, which results in an optimum output. It has wide bandwidth of 1.45GHz and can be used for high speed Wi-Fi applications. The substrate material selected for this novel antenna is FR4. The antenna is compact in size with dimension 21*21mm2. The return loss of the antenna is 30.5 dB at 4.5 GHz and its gain and efficiency are 7.2 dBi and 94.40% respectively. The novel antenna, which gives optimum result, is fabricated, and its parameters are analysed. The resultant antenna was compact size and low profile. 

Authors:Jayanthy.T, Maheswari.S, Arul Kumar.D, Jeya Ramya.V
Submitted On:26-12-2025
Pages:86-94
Action: [Full Paper] No. of Downloads: 73
OPTICAL RELATED PAPERS
Manuscript Title:Comparative Investigation of OOK and DPSK Modulation in a Multi-Channel WDM-FSO Communication System
Manuscript Id:IJMOT-2025-11-353100
Abstract:
Free Space Optical communication has become a promising technology that enables high capacity wireless data transmission as it is immune to electromagnetic interference, and also the ease of its deployment. Various parameters such as atmospheric attenuation, atmospheric turbulence, fading, scintillations, scattering and other pointing errors are responsible for FSO signal degradation. Due to these factors Bit Error Rate increases and Signal quality decreases. Using Wavelength Division Multiplexing with On–Off Keying and Differential Phase Shift Keying types of modulations, Signal quality is enhanced. The novelty of this work lies in the comprehensive analytical and simulation-based comparison of OOK and DPSK. This paper shows analyses of the four channel WDM-FSO system, using two modulation schemes, namely On–Off Keying and Differential Phase Shift Keying. Comparative analysis is presented between two modulation scheme in terms of Bit Error Rate and Quality Factor. Optsim 2023 is used to model the system and simulate it, and the achieved results are validated with analytical values. 
Authors:Tejas Patel, Shailesh Khant, Atul Patel
Submitted On:10-11-2025
Pages:95-102
Action: [Full Paper] No. of Downloads: 78
Manuscript Title:A Self-learning Hierarchical Model for Adaptive Dispersion Compensation in Optical Fiber Networks Using a Stacked Denoising Autoencoder-GRU Framework
Manuscript Id:IJMOT-2025-11-353102
Abstract:
In modern high-speed optical communication systems, the efficiency of conventional dispersion compensation techniques are fundamentally constrained by the dynamic conditions of operational networks, where fluctuating impairments induce persistent signal degradation that remain a critical challenge. In this paper we propose an adaptive and self learning compensation process which autonomously and continuously self-adapts to manage new, unseen dispersion scenarios and dynamically response to network fluctuations. Namely, we introduce the Stacked Denoising Autoencoder with Gated Reccurent Units (SDAE GRU), a novel deep learning architecture for adaptive and robust dispersion compensation. The model merges the hierarchical feature leaning of SDAE with the temporal sequence modeling of GRUs to learn a complex, nonlinear inverse mapping from dispersed to clean signals. The proposed framework is assessed on an Intensity-Modulation Direct-Detection (IM/DD) system over 100 Km of Standard Single-Mode Fiber optical communication, stacking. I. INTRODUCTION The relentless flow in worldwide data consumption necessitates permanent innovations within optical fiber communication infrastructures. Contemporary networks and future deployments optical networks are expected to support data rates surpassing 100 Gbps across extensive distances, while preserving signal quality and guarantying economic viability [1]. Unfortunately, one of the biggest challenges to this objective is the set of intrinsic characteristics of optical fibers, commonly referred as dispersion phenomena, which is mostly responsible of inter-symbol interference (ISI). Dispersion doesn’t manifest (SSMF), demonstrating substantial performance enhancements. The 3SDAE-GRU structure achieves significant bit error rate (BER), an 85.7% reduction in mean squared error (MSE) and a 10dB in signal to noise ratio (SNR) compared to stand alone DAE-GRU model. Importantly, these performances are achieved with modest computational overhead, as parameters numbers, FLOPS and memory usage remain clearly lower, maintaining high efficiency compared to alternative state-of-art deep learning approaches.
Authors:Faffa Rania Khelil, Naima Sabri Ghoutia, Benamar Bouyeddou
Submitted On:15-11-2025
Pages:103-115
Action: [Full Paper] No. of Downloads: 61
© 2005 - International Journal of Microwave and Optical Technology (IJMOT), IAMOT ISSN 1553-0396.
No. of Visitors 1346143