In this paper, a new simple practical technique for controlling the element excitation amplitudes of the array feeding network is presented. To implement this novel idea, an array with four rectangular microstrip patches operated at 3.25 GHz is fabricated. Genetic algorithm was used to determine the optimum excitation amplitudes of these four patches such that its array pattern has a minimum sidelobe level. An Arduino microcontroller was used to apply the optimized excitation amplitudes via programmable digital attenuators that connected to each adjustable element. Measured results show that the peak sidelobe level in the designed array pattern was reduced from -13.2 dB to more than -26 dB which is practically sufficient to eliminate the effect of any interfering signals. More important, the main beam and the directivity are not much affected by the sidelobe reduction. Thus, the technique is practically effective and it can be easily used in designing the adaptive beamforming antenna arrays for 5G and beyond wireless applications.

In modern wireless communication, ultra-wideband (UWB) antennas are becoming increasingly popular. A novel compact MIMO antenna with a unique "Palms-Up Together" shape, symbolizing a praying gesture linked with specific religious sects is shown in this paper. With a remarkable impedance bandwidth of 171%, the antenna can cover almost the whole UWB spectrum, from 2.2 to 27.7 GHz. It attributes nine distinct resonance frequencies and a gain ranging from 2.9 to 9.5 dBi, except at 10.4 GHz. The antenna's performance was simulated using CST software, revealing four hexagonal slots in the truncated ground plane that improved impedance bandwidth. A simple stub improves isolation and reduces mutual coupling between radiating elements. The antenna measures 0.36? * 0.28?, where ? is the wavelength at 2.2 GHz. At lower frequencies, the stub ensures sure isolation stays below 15 dB, and at higher frequencies, it remains below 20 dB. The design satisfies essential performance requirements, as demonstrated by the results of simulation for parameters including ECC, CCL, MEG, DG, and TARC. To evaluate its performance even more, the design was compared with previous studies, highlighting potential areas for improvement. 2.8, 4.9, 6, 10.4, 12.5, 15.1, 19, 23, and 24.9 GHz are the nine resonance frequencies that have been observed. This makes the antenna particularly well-suited for UWB MIMO applications, including sub-6 GHz, C-band, X-band, Ku-band, and radar systems. 

A compact metasurface has been designed at 6.5GHz for WLAN applications and X-band satellite communication applications. Because of the symmetrical structure significant return loss characteristics were observed at the resonant frequency. At first a unit cell is designed and the properties of a metamaterial like permittivity, permeability and refractive indices were measured. Negative permeability and permittivity were observed at the resonating frequency and a refractive index of nearby zero has been noticed. Unit cell has been designed as 2 x 2, 3 x 3 and 4 x 4 array and their characteristics were measured. 4x4 array is fabricated and the return loss of the circuit is measured by utilizing MS2037C Anritsu Combinational Analyser. A close understanding between the simulated and measured results were observed. The equivalent circuit of a unit cell is designed by utilizing ADS, comparison in terms of return loss between the ADS and CST was presented.

The article presents a theoretical and experimental assessment of noise levels during the analog-to-digital conversion of TV broadcast microwave signals. Mathematical expressions are derived to calculate the mean quantization noise power for different brightness distribution models on TV images, considering both linear and nonlinear characteristics of the “light-to-signal” converter. For the first time, the dependence of the average quantization noise power on the compression coefficient is obtained for an inversely proportional distribution of brightness on the television image. This is particularly relevant when the input unipolar positive TV broadcast luminance signal is small, i.e., when the signal level is below the first quantization level. Additionally, analytical expressions are provided to calculate the level of restriction noise and the ratio of restriction noise power to quantizing noise power, particularly when the brightness distribution on TV images follows an exponentially decreasing model or an inversely proportional model with a logarithmic quantization scale. The impact of quantization and restriction noise on image quality was experimentally tested in an Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel.