INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY

VOL. 17, NO. 4, JULY 2022
A PUBLICATION OF THE
INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY (IAMOT)
Reno, NV 89511, U.S.A.
JULY 2022 VOLUME 17 NUMBER 4 IJMOT ISSN: 1553-0396
Banmali S Rawat

Editor-In-Chief

MESSAGE FROM EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
MICROWAVE RELATED PAPERS
Manuscript Title:Simplified Adaptive Interference Suppression Methods Based on Subarray Configurations for 5G Applications
Manuscript Id:IJMOT-2022-2-242314
Abstract:

Adaptive antenna arrays is one of the most promising solutions for interference suppression in the crowded spectrum environment of the wireless communication systems such as 5G and behind where they are efficiently capable to steer their main beams and nulls toward desired directions and interfering signals respectively.  However, some difficulties can be raised when it comes to practical implementation of these arrays such as a high complexity weighting network due to deployment a large number of the adaptive controllers which result in a low convergence speed. The main goal of this paper is to investigate various array weighting configurations to simplify the feeding network and at the same time reduce the convergence speed of the adaptive algorithm while maintaining a satisfactory array performance. Proposed configurations include regular adaptive subarray, partially adaptive array elements, and partially adaptive irregular subarray. These array weightings are performed directly during the adaptation process, which are different from any other existing techniques. Simulation results fully confirm the advantages and the effectiveness of the proposed array weighting configurations in terms of faster convergence speed, better interference suppression, and simpler weighting networks.

Authors:Jafar ramadhan Mohammed, Rasha Bashar Mohammed
Submitted On:17-02-2022
Pages:331-338
Action: [Full Paper] No. of Downloads: 88
Manuscript Title:Design of High Isolation Two-port MIMO Two-element Array Antenna Using Square Split-Ring Resonators for 5G Applications
Manuscript Id:IJMOT-2022-3-242322
Abstract:

Nowadays, users require a very high data rate with more and more small compact designs of antennas. Past and current technologies have struggled to meet these significantly increasing demands, and they have not yet been able to meet these requirements. Using multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems with arrays can achieve compact designs and high gain at high frequencies. As it is known, the fifth generation of antennas requires substrates with low loss tangent, so that losses at high frequency should be as eliminated as possible. In this paper, we used the previous concepts in designing a 5G MIMO antenna array with improved isolation thanks to a square split-ring resonator (SSRR). Unlike traditional designs, we positioned the CSRRs between the elements of the array like a plus sign (+) where each of the array elements are isolated by a unit cell to avoid the mutual coupling between the elements, which improved isolation in a way classical position (cascading manner) of CSRRs can't achieve. In this design, 2×2 MIMO antenna array is presented with Rogers RT 5880 substrate. The dimensions of the substrate are 28×18.8×0.508 mm3. The achieved frequency band is from 27.58 to 28.391 GHz. With this SSRR, a 40 dBi reduction in the mutual coupling between the two patch antennas is achieved. The attained gain is about 10.2 dBi, while the radiation efficiency is about 90 % at 28 GHz. Inset-feed is used for impedance matching with 50 ?? microstrip line for each patch. The design is appropriate for Gaussian indoor and outdoor environments.

Authors:Samia Hamdan, Hesham A. Mohamed, Ehab K. I. Hamad
Submitted On:01-03-2022
Pages:339-346
Action: [Full Paper] No. of Downloads: 50
Manuscript Title:Design and Evaluating Bendability of a Flexible Scorpion Antenna Using CMA and MoM for WBAN Applications
Manuscript Id:IJMOT-2022-3-242328
Abstract:
This paper presents a low-profile textile scorpion patch antenna for wearable applications. The modal behaviors of the proposed antenna are investigated by using the theory of characteristic modes analysis (CMA). Four characteristic modes with the same resonant frequencies and orthogonal current distributions are chosen for operation. The proposed antenna has a simple structure with an overall size of 0.74 ?g × 0.74 ?g × 0.06 ?g (guided wavelength at 5.5 GHz). This work characterizes and estimates the final shape of the patch using the CMA method aimed at obtaining the required resonant frequency. The shape optimization is simplified, as the substrates' influence and excitation are first excluded. This optimizes the needed time and resources in the design process, in contrast to the conventional optimization approaches made using full-wave "trial and error" simulations on a complete antenna structure. A systematic investigation of the effects of bending applied on wearable patch antennas over cylindrical surfaces is presented via extensive simulations performed using FEKO software based on both the CMA and the Method of Moments (MoM). The measurement results show that the proposed antenna has -10 dB impedance bandwidth of from 4.8 to 5.59 GHz. Moreover, the simulation results indicate that the antenna gain of 3 dBi over the whole operating bandwidth.
Authors:Bashar Bahaa Qas Elias, Ping Jack Soh, Azremi Abdullah Al-Hadi
Submitted On:15-03-2022
Pages:347-354
Action: [Full Paper] No. of Downloads: 36
Manuscript Title:Compact ACS-Fed Flexible Monopole Antenna for Dual Band Applications
Manuscript Id:IJMOT-2022-3-252328
Abstract:
A compact Asymmetric Coplanar Strip (ACS) fed monopole Antenna for dual band wireless applications is presented. The antenna (19 mm × 15 mm) is designed on a flexible Dupont material with relative permittivity 3.5, loss tangent 0.027 and thickness 50 µm. The ACS fed Z - shaped folded geometry provides size miniaturization. The antenna exhibits -10dB bandwidth of 290 MHz and 1480 MHz in the lower and higher frequency bands extending from 2.4 to 2.69 GHz and 4.34 to 5.82 GHz respectively, covering ISM 2.4, LTE 2.5 GHz, Wi-Fi, WLAN, 5G 4.9 GHz and WiMAX bands. The antenna performance under different bending conditions is investigated. The antenna retains all its radiation characteristics when subjected to bending. Design equations for the antenna are developed and an equivalent circuit model is proposed. The ultra-thin material with excellent flexibility for dual-band operations is the key highlight of the proposed antenna. The compact antenna is a suitable candidate for wireless applications and can be easily integrated on to curved surfaces of wireless communication devices due to its flexible nature. The antenna is appealing due to its simple geometry, compactness, extremely thin and flexible nature, as well as its stable dual bands under bending environments.
Authors:Reshma Lakshmanan, Shanta Mridula, Anju Pradeep, Pezholil Mohanan, Remsha Moolat
Submitted On:17-03-2022
Pages:355-365
Action: [Full Paper] No. of Downloads: 37
Manuscript Title:An EBG Structured Patch Antenna Array With 4 Elements for Satellite Applications
Manuscript Id:IJMOT-2022-3-252332
Abstract:
This research paper proposes a 4-element array antenna with a high gain at 14.8 GHz for satellite communication applications. The use of EBG structures can be used to reduce surface waves (or current flow) in order to achieve good match impedance and improved current distribution. A dual patch antenna array of two 8mm x 6.3mm dual antennas was designed on the Rogers RT/duroid5870 substrate to operate at different frequencies of 13.75 and 14.8 GHz with a substrate thickness of 0.381mm and permittivity of 2.33. Experiments on a prototype RT/duroid substrate have yielded promising results. The operating frequency of the proposed array generates a gain of 13.043 dB and an impedance bandwidth of 324.7 MHz. The measured and simulated results are nearly identical. The measured results show 2 frequency bands (13.75-14.0GHz) and (14.72-15.04GHz) suitable for fixed satellite service (FSS) and satellite communication applications the designed antenna is simulated using Ansoft HFSS 16.
Authors:B.Ashok Kumar, P. Mallikarjuna Rao, M. Satyanarayana
Submitted On:28-03-2022
Pages:366-374
Action: [Full Paper] No. of Downloads: 27
Manuscript Title:Metamaterial Inspired Patch Antenna loaded with an Interdigital Capacitor for Wireless Applications
Manuscript Id:IJMOT-2022-4-252338
Abstract:
To integrate different wireless applications into one device, multi-frequency microstrip patch antennas are the best solution to maintain the overall device size. A multiband patch antenna charged with a planar metamaterial unit cell is proposed in this work. The metamaterial unit cell is composed of an interdigital capacitor with near zero-index metamaterial (NZIM), the proposed method is used to recover the effective properties, i.e. impedance, refractive index, permittivity, and permeability of the unit cell. This type of antenna consists of a coplanar waveguide (CPW) and an interdigital capacitor patch. The first part deals with the antenna without a gap, it provides a single frequency at fr1=5.5GHz covering an absolute bandwidth of 576(MHz (5.1681 to5.5172GHz). In the second part, where a gap is considered, the antenna can provide frequency bands, fr2=4.03GHz, fr3=6.43GHz, with 257MHz (3.895GHz to 4.152GHz), and 85MHz (6.387GHz to 6.472GHz), bandwidths respectively, with low return loss and uniform radiation patterns. The peak simulated gains of4.95 dB,3.56 dB and3.86 dB, at 5.45GHz, 4.03GHz, and 6.43GHz consecutively. By adjusting certain correlated parameters, the operating bands of the presented antenna can be modified individually, we achieve systematic minimization of the electrical size of the antenna. The antenna structure is simulated and investigated numerically by using the CST Microwave Studio, and the obtained results are compared and validated with HFSS. The structure was fabricated and analyzed using a Keysight PNA network analyzer from 10MHz to 43.5 GHz to show that it performs well and meets the requirements for multiband applications.
Authors:Mondir Anouar, Larbi Setti, Rida El hafar, Mohammed Ali Nassar
Submitted On:07-04-2022
Pages:375-384
Action: [Full Paper] No. of Downloads: 39
Manuscript Title:A Very Closely Spaced Compact Monopole Antenna Array
Manuscript Id:IJMOT-2022-4-252339
Abstract:
In this research article, a very closely spaced compact monopole antenna array for Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) application is proposed. The proposed antenna array showcases a self-isolation capability so it does not require any additional isolation structure for isolation enhancement. A compact monopole antenna achieves a wide resonance bandwidth at the 2.45 GHz band. Further, a compact two-element monopole antenna array designed from the proposed monopole antenna exhibits a natural isolation bandwidth that matches with resonance bandwidth. The design equations for the proposed monopole antenna are presented for easy replication and optimization. To validate the performance of the monopole antenna array, the prototype was fabricated and tested for measured parameters. The antenna prototype was also tested with Bluetooth test measurement setup. The compact design and validation of the test results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed antenna array in a diverse MIMO environment.
Authors:M.B. Kadu, Neela Rayavarapu
Submitted On:09-04-2022
Pages:385-394
Action: [Full Paper] No. of Downloads: 25
Manuscript Title:Substrate Integrated Waveguide Filtering Antenna for 5G Mobile Communications
Manuscript Id:IJMOT-2022-4-252348
Abstract:
This paper presents a filtering antenna for 5G applications that can serve both as a filter and an antenna. It consists of complementary split ring resonators etched on SIW, which function as a band pass filter and defected ground structure to reject unwanted frequency signals by offering transmission zeros at the edges of the desired band. The antenna function is performed by an array of longitudinal slots. The slot dimensions are designed such that they work for a specified frequency range of signals. The filter at the front end allows only signals within the interested frequency range to reach the slot antenna. The accurate dimensions and spacing of the vias minimize signal leakage and also reduce the interfere with the adjacent band signals. This is one of the crucial requirements for 5G applications, as even a minimum interference can cause errors at such a high frequency. The combination of band pass filter, radiator and band reject filter built on single layer makes the entire structure planar. The structure is excited by using a microstrip to SIW transition taper feed. CST Microwave Studio is used for simulation and optimization. The proposed design was fabricated and tested for validity. RT Duroid 5880 is used as the base dielectric material as it allows good configuration at high frequencies with low losses. The prototype possesses a bandwidth of 2.6 GHz, from 27.1 GHz to 29.7 GHz. The uni-directional gain pattern has small side lobes of -22 dB and an appreciable gain of 9.9 dB. The co polarization in all the directions exceeds the cross polarization by more than 20 dB. The antenna is small in size, with measurements of 33 mm x 11 mm x 0.508 mm.
Authors:A.M.V.N.Maruti, Bhavanam S Naga Kishore
Submitted On:21-04-2022
Pages:395-402
Action: [Full Paper] No. of Downloads: 27
Manuscript Title:A pHEMT Double-balanced Up-Conversion Mixer for 5G mm-wave communication systems
Manuscript Id:IJMOT-2022-4-252350
Abstract:
This paper presents the study and the design of a pHEMT double-balanced upconversion Single-Sideband Mixer (SSM) for 5G mm-wave communication systems. The 180° outof-phase technique is chosen to both achieve a satisfactory rejection of the unwanted signals at its output (IF, Upper Sideband (USB) and OL), and to improve the desired sideband, Lower Sideband (LSB). This SSM up-converter is designed on the PH15 process of United Monolithic Semiconductors (UMS) which is based on 0.15 µm T-gate Pseudomorphic High Electron Mobility Transistors (P-HEMT) and optimized for very low noise and multipurpose applications up to 60 GHz. The signal is converted from 2 GHz-IF frequency to the low-side 26 GHz-RF frequency. Design and simulations were performed using the ADS workflow from Keysight Technologies. They show 10.32 dB conversion gain and a signal rejection rate of 32.03 dB and 11.26 dB for the unwanted USB signal and LO signal, respectively. Isolation between RF and LO ports is up to 21.8 dB, Input 1-dB gain compression point is -16.5 dBm, DC power consumption is up to 103 mW, and the chip layout size is near 2.9 mm2. The architecture proposed in this paper presents a very high gain level, with good rejection of unwanted signals. Which makes it very desirable for millimeter applications requiring high output power.
Authors:Abdelhafid Es-Saqy, Maryam Abata, Mohammed Fattah, Mahmoud Mehdi, Said Mazer, Moulhime El Bekkali, Catherine Algani
Submitted On:26-04-2022
Pages:403-411
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Manuscript Title:Elliptical Slots Based Ultrawide Band Frequency Reconfigurable Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless Applications
Manuscript Id:IJMOT-2022-4-252351
Abstract:
In this research paper a new holistic approach of the reconfigurable microstrip patch
antenna is presented. The proposed design is applicable for ultra-wide with multiple frequency band for wireless applications. The stated design contains a circular patch with rectangular and elliptical slots cut out in a specific way to get presented results. The antenna is fabricated with FR4 substrate with an inset line feeding to the patch. Frequency reconfigurability is achieved through two pin diodes is connected between the interconnected elliptical slots. The presented approach of designing reconfigurable antenna with the use of elliptical slots and switching reconfigurablitity gives improved performance with the previously compared work in terms of multiple band of operation with improved performance parameters, minimum complexity and size. The simulated antenna design resonates at multiple frequencies before switching at 5.9 GHz, 12.7 GHz, 15.4 GHz, 24.9 GHz, and measured result at 6.9 GHz, 12.9 GHz, 15.3 GHz, 24.9 GHz and after switching the antenna reconfigured and resonated at 6.3 GHz, 8.7 GHz, 16.7 GHz, 28.9 GHz with measured result at 6.3 GHz, 16.8 GHz, 28.9 GHz has been obtained. The simulated and measured results are validated with minor deviation. 
Authors:Piyush Kumar Mishra, Aditya Kumar Singh, Amrees Pandey, Utkarsh Sharma, Jamshed Aslam Ansari
Submitted On:27-04-2022
Pages:412-419
Action: [Full Paper] No. of Downloads: 37
OPTICAL RELATED PAPERS
Manuscript Title:A New Method for Coexistence of PON Generations for Rural Broadband ICT
Manuscript Id:IJMOT-2022-2-242311
Abstract:
This paper has studied different PON generations coexistence on a single medium, optical fiber. In literature, coexistence of two, three or four generations of PON have been reported but the ranges are only between 15 and 20 km; this requires the use of a lot of amplifiers and/or compensation equipments every 20 km. Serving rural areas must use lightweight structures. Thus, we have proposed a novelty that takes into account the coexistence of several PON technologies (at least eight), the robustness of the architecture, the ultra-long range, the very high purity of the link and the very high speed. Simulations with the Optisystem software were conclusive. The composite signal can travel the earth circumference without being altered. Our model implementation would be welcome for rural broadband ICT services. 
Authors:Saïdou Conombo, Mamadou D. Diouf, Samuel Ouya, Ahmed D. Kora
Submitted On:14-02-2022
Pages:420-432
Action: [Full Paper] No. of Downloads: 23
Manuscript Title:Contribution to the Minimization of Vibration Effects in Optical Satellites
Manuscript Id:IJMOT-2022-2-242315
Abstract:
Laser-based satellite communication systems are more sensitive to disturbances in the propagation environment, which cause the degradation of the incident energy ray on the satellite's optical receiver. Satellite communication is based on signals that weaken with the vibrations of the latter. Our objective in this work is to minimize the effects of these vibrations by closely examining the main factor used in evaluating digital data transmission systems from one location to another. This factor is the Bit Error Rate (BER). It is important in this kind of system to obtain a minimum BER. In this paper, we have explained the adaptation of the aperture variations of the satellite transmitter to the vibrations of the amplitudes at the receiver telescope. We also develop mathematical models that make it possible to adapt the aperture of the transmitting telescope as well as the bandwidth of the system to the variations of the amplitudes of the vibrations.
Authors:Cherifa Mehadjebia, Hichem Hafdaoui , Djamel Benatia
Submitted On:21-02-2022
Pages:433-441
Action: [Full Paper] No. of Downloads: 56
Manuscript Title:Performance Enhancement of the OWC by Optimizing the FOV of the Optical Receiver
Manuscript Id:IJMOT-2022-4-252341
Abstract:
In optical wireless communication (OWC) systems, multipath propagation and directional noise from ambient light sources are the most important factors that lead to degraded system performance. The receiver's field of view (FOV) is explored in this study to lessen the influence of multipath propagation and ambient noise. Our suggestion intends to increase the system's performance while keeping its simplicity and low cost. This exploration includes a decrease in the angle FOV, and the result of each change is depicted. It is noted with the decrease in FOV the results improved due to the gain of the concentrator leading to improving the 3-dB channel bandwidth, minimizing the influence of inter-symbol interference (ISI), and increasing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). To investigate the performance of the OWC system, we use a room that has dimensions (5m,5m,3m), in which the transmitter is located in the center of the room and on the communication floor (1m), with 100 reception positions chosen at random to give an overview of the system's performance. The area of the photodetector is chosen as small (10mm2) to increase BW. To evaluate the performance of the proposed system, we employ the cumulative distribution function (CDF) and MATLAB software. While assuming many values of the FOV of the receiver (FOV = 90o, FOV = 60o, FOV = 30o, and FOV = 10o). We consider the effect of reflections (up to 2nd reflections), the effect of the mobility, and the effect of the noise in this work. The result depicts that reducing the FOV of the optical receiver to 10o leads to enhancing the OWC system’s performance.
Authors:Roua Muwafaq Younus, Safwan Hafeedh Younus, Mahmod. A. Al Zubaidy
Submitted On:10-04-2022
Pages:442-453
Action: [Full Paper] No. of Downloads: 45
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